Testimonia — Early Christian Bible Commentary
Genesis 38 · World English Bible
1At that time, Judah went down from his brothers, and visited a certain Adullamite, whose name was Hirah.
2There, Judah saw the daughter of a certain Canaanite man named Shua. He took her, and went in to her.
3She conceived, and bore a son; and he named him Er.
4She conceived again, and bore a son; and she named him Onan.
5She yet again bore a son, and named him Shelah. He was at Chezib when she bore him.
6Judah took a wife for Er, his firstborn, and her name was Tamar.
7Er, Judah’s firstborn, was wicked in the LORD’s sight. So the LORD killed him.
8Judah said to Onan, “Go in to your brother’s wife, and perform the duty of a husband’s brother to her, and raise up offspring for your brother.”
9Onan knew that the offspring wouldn’t be his; and when he went in to his brother’s wife, he spilled his semen on the ground, lest he should give offspring to his brother.
10The thing which he did was evil in the LORD’s sight, and he killed him also.
11Then Judah said to Tamar, his daughter-in-law, “Remain a widow in your father’s house, until Shelah, my son, is grown up;” for he said, “Lest he also die, like his brothers.” Tamar went and lived in her father’s house.
12After many days, Shua’s daughter, the wife of Judah, died. Judah was comforted, and went up to his sheep shearers to Timnah, he and his friend Hirah, the Adullamite.
13Tamar was told, “Behold, your father-in-law is going up to Timnah to shear his sheep.”
14She took off the garments of her widowhood, and covered herself with her veil, and wrapped herself, and sat in the gate of Enaim, which is on the way to Timnah; for she saw that Shelah was grown up, and she wasn’t given to him as a wife.
15When Judah saw her, he thought that she was a prostitute, for she had covered her face.
16He turned to her by the way, and said, “Please come, let me come in to you,” for he didn’t know that she was his daughter-in-law. She said, “What will you give me, that you may come in to me?”
17He said, “I will send you a young goat from the flock.” She said, “Will you give me a pledge, until you send it?”
18He said, “What pledge will I give you?” She said, “Your signet and your cord, and your staff that is in your hand.” He gave them to her, and came in to her, and she conceived by him.
19She arose, and went away, and put off her veil from her, and put on the garments of her widowhood.
20Judah sent the young goat by the hand of his friend, the Adullamite, to receive the pledge from the woman’s hand, but he didn’t find her.
21Then he asked the men of her place, saying, “Where is the prostitute, that was at Enaim by the road?” They said, “There has been no prostitute here.”
22He returned to Judah, and said, “I haven’t found her; and also the men of the place said, ‘There has been no prostitute here.’”
23Judah said, “Let her keep it, lest we be shamed. Behold, I sent this young goat, and you haven’t found her.”
24About three months later, Judah was told, “Tamar, your daughter-in-law, has played the prostitute. Moreover, behold, she is with child by prostitution.” Judah said, “Bring her out, and let her be burned.”
25When she was brought out, she sent to her father-in-law, saying, “I am with child by the man who owns these.” She also said, “Please discern whose these are—the signet, and the cords, and the staff.”
26Judah acknowledged them, and said, “She is more righteous than I, because I didn’t give her to Shelah, my son.” He knew her again no more.
27In the time of her travail, behold, twins were in her womb.
28When she travailed, one put out a hand, and the midwife took and tied a scarlet thread on his hand, saying, “This came out first.”
29As he drew back his hand, behold, his brother came out, and she said, “Why have you made a breach for yourself?” Therefore his name was called Perez.
30Afterward his brother came out, who had the scarlet thread on his hand, and his name was called Zerah.
World English Bible · World English Bible; source eBible.org.
Notes on Genesis 38
Date uncertain | Irenaeus of Lyons
2. This fact is indeed set forth by many other [occurrences], but typically by [the history of] Thamar, Judah's daughter-in-law. For when she had conceived twins, one of them put forth his hand first; and as the midwife supposed that he was the first-born, she bound a scarlet token on his hand. But after this had been done, and he had drawn back his hand, his brother Phares came forth the first; then, after him, Zara, upon whom was the scarlet line, [was born] the second: the Scripture clearly pointing out that people which possessed the scarlet sign, that is, faith in a state of circumcision, which was shown beforehand, indeed, in the patriarchs first; but after that withdrawn, that his brother might be born; and also, in like manner, him who was the elder, as being born in the second place, [him] who was distinguished by the scarlet token, which was [fastened] on him, that is, the passion of the Just One, which was prefigured from the beginning in Abel, and described by the prophets, but perfected in the last times in the Son of God.
Source passage · edition’s verse reference · Against Heresies, Book 4 / Chap. xxv. — Both covenants were prefigured in Ahraham, and in the labour of Tamar; there was, however, but one and the same God to each covenant., source paragraph ancl:4c026779ee87d593f06c:p:182 · Original source
1868 (English edition) | Historical editor/translator (individual note author unspecified)
Gen. xxxviii. 28, etc.
Editorial footnote · Against Heresies, Book 4 / Chap. xxv. — Both covenants were prefigured in Ahraham, and in the labour of Tamar; there was, however, but one and the same God to each covenant., editorial note cite_note-331 · Original source
1886 (historical English edition; transcription printing date uncertain) | Historical editor/translator (individual note author unspecified)
Gen. xxxviii. 14, 15.
Editorial footnote · The Treatises of Cyprian, Chapter uncertain; original source section: Part 36, editorial note cite_note-4 · Original source
1888 (historical English edition; physical printing year uncertain) | Historical editor/translator (individual note author unspecified)
Gen. xxxviii. 27.
Editorial footnote · Homilies on the Gospel of Matthew, Homily 3, editorial note cite_note-10 · Original source
1897 (latest original copyright year; printing date uncertain) | Historical editor/translator (individual note author unspecified)
Gen. xxxviii. 4.
Editorial footnote · Commentary on the Gospel of John (surviving edition contents), Book 6, Chapter 24, editorial note cite_note-7 · Original source
Date uncertain | Irenaeus of Lyons (historical collection attribution)
2. This fact is indeed set forth by many other [occurrences], but typically by [the history of] Thamar, Judah’s daughter-in-law. For when she had conceived twins, one of them put forth his hand first; and as the midwife supposed that he was the first-born, she bound a scarlet token on his hand. But after this had been done, and he had drawn back his hand, his brother Phares came forth the first; then, after him, Zara, upon whom was the scarlet line, [was born] the second: the Scripture clearly pointing out that people which possessed the scarlet sign, that is, faith in a state of circumcision, which was shown beforehand, indeed, in the patriarchs first; but after that withdrawn, that his brother might be born; and also, in like manner, him who was the elder, as being born in the second place, [him] who was distinguished by the scarlet token which was [fastened] on him, that is, the passion of the Just One, which was prefigured from the beginning in Abel, and described by the prophets, but perfected in the last times in the Son of God.
Source passage · edition’s verse reference · Against Heresies: Book IV, Chapter uncertain (transcription heading: Chapter XXV), source paragraph 131 · Original source
Date uncertain | John Chrysostom
4. But besides what we have said, there is another cause also, wherefore he hath mentioned even this history; for to be sure, Zara’s name was not cast at random on that of Phares. (For indeed it was irrelevant, and superfluous, when he had mentioned Phares, from whom he was to trace Christ’s genealogy, to mention Zara also.) Wherefore then did he mention him? When Thamar was on the point of giving birth to them, the pangs having come upon her, Zara put forth his hand first. Then the midwife, when she saw this, in order that the first should be known, bound his hand with scarlet; but the child, when he was bound, drew in his hand, and when he had drawn it in, Phares came forth first, and then Zara. The midwife when she saw this said, “Why was the hedge broken up for thee?”
Source passage · edition’s verse reference · Homilies on the Gospel of Matthew, Homily 3, source paragraph 16 · Original source